Аддитивное производство керамических материалов. Обзор

Приведены общие сведения по технологиям аддитивного производства на основе процессов семи типов: фотополимеризация в ванне, струйное нанесение материала, струйное нанесение связующего, листовая ламинация, экструзия материала, прямой подвод энергии и материала, синтез на подложке. Показано, что все технологии 3D печати керамики можно разделить на две группы: одноэтапные (прямые) и многоэтапные (непрямые). К первой группе относятся только прямой подвод энергии или материала (DED) и синтез на подложке (PBF). Все остальные процессы являются многоэтапными. Для получения изделий с наилучшими техническими характеристиками больше подходят многоэтапные процессы непрямого аддитивного производства, в то время как одноэтапные технологии позволяют производить керамические детали быстрее. Представлены основные способы аддитивного производства изделий из керамики, описаны их принципы, достоинства и недостатки. Приведены группы керамических и композитных материалов, изготавливаемых методом 3D печати, и их свойства. Показано, что при помощи аддитивного производства изготавливают изделия технической керамики, не имеющие внутренних дефектов и обладающие высокой плотностью и механическими свойствами, близкими к свойствам изделий, изготовленных по другим, «классическим» технологиям. Материал с улучшенными свойствами может быть изготовлен путем оптимизации параметров процесса 3D печати или проведения дополнительных этапов механического уплотнения после завершения формования. Полученные изделия находят широкое применение в таких областях народного хозяйства, как космическая отрасль, цветная и черная металлургия, машиностроение, медицина и пр. В обзорной статье приведены также основные игроки на рынке аддитивного производства технической и декоративной керамики.

аддитивное производство (АП), 3D печать, керамические изделия, стереолитография (SLA), экструзия, робокастинг, селективное лазерное спекание (SLS),

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